The article provides a detailed description of one of the manifestations of the symptoms of the lower urinary tract in women — urethral syndrome (urethral pain syndrome). This is the occurrence of recurrent episodic urethral pain, usually with urination, with increased daytime frequency and nocturia, dyspareunia in the absence of proven urinary tract infection or other obvious pathology. Infection, inflammation of the paraurethral glands, early interstitial urethral spasm, urethral stenosis, estrogen deficiency in the urethral mucosa, and psychogenic illness have been investigated as possible causes. The end result of the impact of these factors is a disorder of the barrier function of the urothelium of the distal part of the urethra, the ingress of urine into the submucosa, and the development of inflammation. There are no clear diagnostic criteria. The diagnosis is established by exclusion. Various treatment methods are used, including general (drinking regimen, diet), antibiotics, alpha-blockers, topical vaginal estrogen, corticosteroids, female urethral dilation, mucosal protection, acupuncture, antidepressants, psycho- and physical therapy. Often the treatment is in the nature of a trial and error method, which must be informed to the patient.