The article presents modern views on the human innate immunity mechanisms. Various external and internal objects for immune surveillance are described. The immune system involvement in controlling infectious agents and the programmed cell death and expression of cell receptors responsible for activation or tolerance induction by normal and pathologic cells is defined. The immunophenotypical characteristics and functional value for the molecular patterns recognized by the immune system are described. The innate immunity operates via neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells. Their populations and subpopulations are described through immunophenotyping and functional assessment. Existence of diverse mechanisms of the innate immunity is the main conclusion of this article.