Ulcerative colitis is a chronic recurrent inflammatory disease of the large bowel always starting from the rectum and transforming up to pancolitis. Given the continuous global urbanization its incidence increases. People of working age is the most vulnerable group creating a complex socio-economic problem for many developed countries. There is a fairly effective basic conservative treatment program in medicine but always a pool of patients insensitive or with partially responsive to the specified therapy still exists. Based on modern literature data, the article provides information on the stem cells role in the ulcerative colitis acute forms treatment as well as the disease surgical aspects are discussed.