The article is dedicated to the early development and formation of large vessels at 4—8 weeks of embryogenesis. The origins of vessels development, the formation of the aorta, the pulmonary trunk, vena cava superior and inferior during early embryogenesis are discussed. The mechanisms of formation of development defects of large arteries and veins. The features of fetal and newborn blood circulation are given. The learning of the development of large vessels helps to understand the mechanisms of abnormal formation of their anatomical structure. The research of the embryonic blood circulation features, the formation of postembryonic blood circulation helps to determine the morphological basis for the formation of large vascular malformations and heart diseases.